Ⅰ. Phonetics (5 points)

　　Directions: In each of the following groups of words, there are four underlined letters or lettercombinations marked A, B, C and D. Compare the underlined parts and identify the one thatis different from the others in pronunciation. Mark your answer by blackening thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

　　1. A. decade

　　B. aggressive

　　C. ancestor

　　D. bacteria

　　2. A. architect

　　B. biochemistry

　　C. butcher

　　D. ache

　　3. A. acquire

　　B. convenient

　　C. admire

　　D. anxiety

　　4. A. rough

　　B. daughter

　　C. delight

　　D. through

　　5. A. avenue

　　B. argue

　　C. barbecue

　　D. clue

　　Ⅱ. Vocabulary and Structure (15 points)

　　Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four

　　choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose one answer that best completes the sentence and

　　blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

　　6. The New York police were very anxiousabout the crime.

　　A. learn more

　　B. learning more

　　C. to learn more

　　D. more to learn

　　7. Cutafter the class was over.

　　A. did children rush

　　B. rushed children

　　C. children rush

　　D. do children rush

　　8. This is one of the most beautiful pictures of scenery thatdisplayed here.

　　A. is

　　B. are

　　C. has been

　　D. have been

　　9. When you're ready, I'll take you toairport.(成人高考更多完整資料免費(fèi)提供加微信/QQ：29838818)

　　A. /

　　B. the

　　C. a

　　D. an

　　10. For a late drink, come to our nightclub,stays open until 4 : 00 a. m.

　　A. where

　　B. that

　　C. which

　　D. what

　　11. -- It is not very cold. I don't think we need these big jackets.

　　-- I don't think so,

　　A. anyway

　　B. neither

　　C. either

　　D. too

　　12. The tenants were asked to throw all recyclable trash into

　　A. the big green plastic bag

　　B. the green big plastic bag

　　C. the big plastic green bag

　　D. the green plastic big bag

　　13.getting the highest result in the class, John still had problems with classmates.

　　A. Despite of

　　B. In spite of

　　C. Even though

　　D. Nonetheless

　　14. Our kitchen is a mess. Weany cleaning for weeks.

　　A. didn't do

　　B. haven't been doing

　　C. don't do

　　D. haven't done

　　15. Open the window,?

　　A. do you

　　B. don't you

　　C. will you

　　D. won't you

　　16. Joseph, the politician wholast week, has been released unharmed.

　　A. is kidnapped

　　B. was kidnapped

　　C. has been kidnapped

　　D. had been kidnapped

　　17. A number is an abstractionno physical existence.(成人高考更多完整資料免費(fèi)提供加微信/QQ：29838818)

　　A. has

　　B. to have

　　C. that has

　　D. who has

　　18. You cannot ignore the situation forever, one day you will have tothe consequences ofyour act.

　　A. look up to

　　B. wake up to

　　C. stand up to

　　D. face up to

　　19. They bad all stayed on the ninth floor of the Metropole Hotel in Hong Kong

　　inhalf ofFebruary.

　　A. the second

　　B. second

　　C. the two

　　D. two

　　20. Women who apply for jobs in middle or senior management havesuccess than men,according to an employment survey.

　　A. much higher

　　B. a very higher

　　C. a much higher

　　D. far higher

　　Ⅲ. Cloze (30 points)

　　Directions: For each blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, Cand D. Choose the one that is most suitable and mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

　　On the anniversary of the artist's birth, Van Gogh's Sunflowers was 21 for just under￡25million at the fine art auctioneers (拍賣商), Christie's, in London. The22was triple theprevious record of￡8 million paid in 1985 for Mantegna's Adoration of the Magi. At least ten bidders23 for the painting, half24 telephone, anonymously battling it out in leaps of￡500,000.Van Gogh wrote in a letter of 1889 that one of these Scots or Americans25to pay 500 francs--about￡25 at that time -- for26a painting.

　　Christie's chairman27 reporters after the sale, "it's a rare picture. " A spokesman for thefirm added, "It's fantastic. " Not 28 who was at the auction agreed. One commented, " Moremoney 29 sense. "

　　Many people do 30uneasy that a picture could be auctioned for such an unbelievable sum.They find distasteful the contrast31 this sort of money and the impoverished life of the painter32Van Gogh, once a lay preacher among the miners of Belgium, was more 33 in producingwork that dignified labor than he was in selling for a profit. Depressive, poor, unrecognized and34 suicidal, he remains a romantic figure in the public35

　　21. A. bought

　　B. sold

　　C. displayed

　　D. shown

　　22. A. price

　　B. money

　　C. sum

　　D. collection

　　23. A. competed

　　B. shouted

　　C. fought

　　D. argued

　　24. A. on

　　B. under

　　C. off

　　D. by

　　25. A. must

　　B. might

　　C. ought

　　D. could

　　26. A. so

　　B. this

　　C. very

　　D. such

　　27. A. said

　　B. spoke

　　C. told

　　D. agreed

　　28. A. all

　　B. everyone

　　C. none

　　D. anyone

　　29. A. to

　　B. than

　　C. better

　　D. over

　　30. A. felt

　　B. think

　　C. feel

　　D. thought

　　31. A. between

　　B. among

　　C. of

　　D. like

　　32. A. his own

　　B. him

　　C. own

　　D. himself

　　33. A. upset

　　B. interested

　　C. happy

　　D. gloomy

　　34. A. eventually

　　B. finally

　　C. last

　　D. at end

　　35. A. mind

　　B. brain

　　C. thought

　　D. imagination

　　Ⅳ. Reading Comprehension (60 points)

　　Directions: There are five reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by four

　　questions. For each question there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose

　　one best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

　　Passage One

　　Two hundred years ago, American students went to American schools. Like you, they studiedarithmetic, spelling and geography. Unlike you, they also studied Greek and Latin. In fact, studentsspent more than half their time studying Greek and Latin.

　　The same was true for most students in Europe. Until the seventh century, all educated Europeansknew Latin. It did not matter if they lived in England or Italy or France or Spain. If they wereeducated, they knew Latin.

　　During the seventh century, educated Europeans began to study Greek as well as Latin. Greekand Latin had been the leading languages of the ancient Greeks and Romans. All educated Europeanswere expected to know these languages.

　　To educated Europeans, the languages of the Greeks and the Romans were important. The ideasof the Greeks and Romans were also important. People knew that many of their own ideas had come from the Greeks and the Romans. To understand their own culture, they must understand itsorigin.They knew that those beginnings lay in the classical world.

　　Today we have so many things to study that few people have time to learn Greek and Latin. Few ofyou will study either language in school. Yet the ideas of the Greeks and the Romans are still importantto us. These ideas still help to shape Western culture today. To understand our own culture, we mustunderstand the culture of the classical world.

　　36. A good synonym for "origin" is

　　A. people

　　B. future

　　C. beginning

　　D. culture

　　37. According to this passage, all educated Europeans of the seventh century were expected to

　　study

　　A. physical science and chemistry

　　B. Greek and Latin

　　C. democracy and communism

　　D. French and Spanish

　　38. Today, most of people won't study either Greek or Latin because

　　A. they are no longer important

　　B. people do not have enough time

　　C. they are no longer existed

　　D. people can not learn them well

　　39. What can we conclude from this passage?

　　A. Greeks and Romans significantly influenced European culture.

　　B. The Greeks were the founders of democracy.

　　C. The Greeks and Romans were bitter enemies.

　　D. People of the classical world were barbaric and uneducated.

　　Passage Two

　　Would you eat a bacon, lettuce and love apple sandwich'?. You probably have eaten many of them.Love apple was the name used many years ago for the tomato.

　　The tomato is originally an American plant. It was found in South America by early Spanishexplorers. The word tomato comes from the native Nahuatl word tomatl. But when it moved north, theplant earned a different name. Remarkably, the settlers in North America thought it was poisonous.They believed that to eat it was surely to die. It was said that deserted suitors would threaten to eat atomato to cause their coldhearted lovers regret. Because of this legend, the settlers called the tomato a"love apple. " While people enjoyed other native plants such as corn and sweet potatoes, everyoneavoided the tomato.

　　No one knows who first dared to eat a tomato. Perhaps someone was brave enough, or lovesickenough, to try out the truth of the rumors. Of course, whoever ate this fruit was perfectly safe. No onedied from eating a love apple. Still, it was many years before the people fully believed that the tomatowas a safe, and even good food. But its use did become common, and the plant was sent across theocean to become part of many traditional European dishes.

　　40. The language from which we derived the word tomato is

　　A. Portuguese

　　B. Spanish

　　C. Nahuatl

　　D. European

　　41. North American people didn't eat tomatoes at first because

　　A. they had too much other food

　　B. they mistakenly thought they were poisonous

　　C. settlers ate only traditional European foods

　　D. no one liked the taste

　　42. The underlined word "suitor" in the second paragraph means

　　A. boyfriend

　　B. launderer

　　C. tailor

　　D. explorer

　　43. A good title for this passage would be

　　A. Life in Early America

　　B. What Happens to the Brokenhearted

　　C. The History of the Tomato

　　D. Vegetables in Our Diet

　　Passage Three

　　Nature has devised many ways to protect creatures' eyes. The most common protection is theeyelid--a fold of skin that closes over the eye, protecting it from damage. Eyelashes are useful forkeeping out dust and other irritants, and tears wash away any particles that get through the otherdefenses.

　　Some creatures, including most birds, have three eyelids. The upper and lower lids act likehuman lids and keep out twigs, dirt and sand. The third eyelid, however, is a semitransparent tissuethat crosses over the eye from the inside corner to the outside corner. Because of this protectivemembrane, birds seldom have to blink. They close their eyes only when they go to sleep. In ducks,this third eyelid self as an underwater diving mask that helps the ducks find food.

　　Most fish and snakes have no eyelids at all. Instead, a hard glassy covering protects their eyes. Infish, water constantly sweeps away dirt from the covering. And a snake's eyesight is usually so bad thata little dirt obscuring its vision does not disturb it greatly.

　　Eyelashes defend the eye by shading it from glare. They also act like miniature brushes to removedust. Camels have lashes that are four inches long to protect their eyes from windblown sand in thedesert.

　　44. A camel has long eyelashes

　　A. to keep windblown sand out of its eyes

　　B. that get in the way of its sight

　　C. to help it see better

　　D. to attract other camels

　　45. The writer implies that eyelids are

　　A. not found on lizards

　　B. nice to look at

　　C. always covered with eyelashes

　　D. the most effective eye protection

　　46. The author compares the duck's third eyelid to a

　　A. tissue

　　B. glassy covering

　　C. tiny brush

　　D. diving mask

　　47. A good title for this passage would be

　　A. Look Out

　　B. Birds' Eyes

　　C. Eyes in the Night

　　D. Protecting the Eye

　　Passage Four

　　As part of an ongoing campaign against polyvinyl chloride (聚氯乙烯), a Virginia-based

　　environmental advocacy group today called on manufacturers and retailers to phase out its use in showercurtains. The Center for Health, Environment and Justice (CHEJ) , released the results of a smallstudy indicating that PVC (聚氯乙烯)-containing shower curtains are capable of emitting scores ofpotentially harmful materials, into people's bathrooms. A previous study, conducted by EnvironmentalProtection Agency researchers, also found that plastic shower curtains can emit toxic compounds intothe air.

　　There's still debate among scientists about just how serious the health effects are especially at lowdoses. However, CHEJ urges consumers to avoid using PVC shower curtains, as well as many otherPVC products.

　　For people who are concerned about their shower curtains, there are alternatives. IKEA phasedout PVC shower curtains 11 years ago, switching to ethylene vinyl acetate (乙烯醋酸共聚物). Thecompany has said that 88 percent of its shower curtains would be PVC free by spring of 2008.

　　Manufacturers are not required to label shower curtains, but some do list" PVC" or" vinyl" on thepackaging. Numerous online retailers, sell shower curtains--primarily cotton or hemp--that are free ofPVC. However, mildew(發(fā)霉) can be a problem with cotton and hemp products.

　　48. What did the study released by the Center for Health, Environment and Justice show?

　　A. That PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride.

　　B. Manufacturers are not required to label shower curtains.

　　C. That most shower curtains sold at IKEA are made from PVC.

　　D. That PVC shower curtains may release potentially harmful materials.

　　49. What material are the shower curtains sold at IKEA made from?

　　A. Ethylene vinyl acetate.

　　B. Polyvinyl chloride.

　　C. Cotton.

　　D. PVC and EVA.

　　50. What's the biggest problem with hemp and cotton shower curtains?

　　A. They are see-through.

　　B. They are too expensive.

　　C. They may cause mildew.

　　D. They emit harmful materials.

　　51. Is it easy for consumers to tell that a shower curtain is made from PVC?

　　A. Yes, that information is always on the shower curtain label.

　　B. Not always, because shower curtains don't have to be labeled.

　　C. Yes, but only if they're made by IKEA after 2008.

　　D. No, because they only contain low doses of PVC.

　　Passage Five

　　Companies that employ illegal immigrants are to be named and shamed in a further attempt tocrack down on people smuggling. The move by the Home Office comes four months after officialslaunched a concerted effort to identify and prosecute companies breaking the law. More than 200companies have already been fined for hiring illegal labor. The Home Office says names of companiesand directors are to be published on the UK Border Agency website. The agency will publish how manyillegal immigrants the company was employing and how much it was fined.

　　By May this year there had been 137 prosecutions under the new rules leading to fines totaling500,000--almost 3,000 per firm. The total number of prosecutions was 10 times more than werecarried out in 2007, and double the total for the previous decade.

　　Immigration chiefs are also switching their focus from small-time illegal employers, such astakeaway restaurants, in an effort to major organized criminal enterprises supplying illegal labor, oftenrelying on international networks to smuggle people into the UK.

　　Some 7,500 immigration officers will be re-organized into more localized teams with police andcustoms officials in an effort to better target what the Home Office says are illegal working hotspots.These could include areas of the economy where there is a high demand for labor including agriculture,construction and hospitality. Nobody knows how many people are working without permission in theUK--although estimates put the number of illegal residents at more than 500,000.

　　Trade Union leaders have also raised concerns about the government's strategy, arguing that itcould drive the worst employers further underground, penalizing exceptionally poor workers unable tobreak out of a situation they did not necessarily choose.

　　52. What has happened in the first four months of the campaign to crack down on companies hiringillegal workers?

　　A. Nothing. The campaign is still in its beginning stage.

　　B. 7,500 immigration officers will be re-organized into more localized teams.

　　C. 200 companies have been fined.

　　D. 3,000 small-time illegal employers have been cracked down.

　　53. What steps will officials take to "shame" these companies?

　　A. They will publish their names as well as the details of the offence online.

　　B. They will shut down their business.

　　C. They will inform the police about the illegal hiring.

　　D. They will give poor workers working permission.

　　54. Immigration officials are now focusing on

　　A. small-time illegal employers

　　B. fining individual workers

　　C. large-scale organized criminal operations

　　D. the government's strategy

　　55. Trade Union officials fear that this new campaign (戰(zhàn)役) might end up unjustly penalizing, by driving the employers further underground.

　　A. employers

　　B. workers

　　C. illegal residents

　　D. companies

　　Ⅴ. Daily Conversation (15 points)

　　Directions: Pick out five appropriate expressions from the eight choices below and complete the

　　following dialogue by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

　　A. Hold the line

　　B. flight number

　　C. ask a question

　　D. To New York

　　E. May I have your name

　　F. reconfirm my seat

　　G. please check in

　　H. On May 11

　　Reservations clerk: Northwind Airlines. Can I help you?

　　Daniel Adams: Hello. I'd like to 56, please.

　　Reservations clerk: May I have your name and 57, please?

　　Daniel Adams: My name is Daniel Adams and my flight number is 374.

　　Reservations clerk: When are you leaving?

　　Daniel Adams : 58

　　Reservations clerk: And your destination?

　　Daniel Adams: Buenos Aires.

　　Reservations clerk: 59, please. (...) All right. Your seat is confirmed, Mr. Adams. You'll be

　　arriving in Buenos Aires at 4 o' clock p.m. local time.

　　Daniel Adams: Thank you. Can I pick up my ticket when I check in?

　　Reservations clerk: Yes, but 60 at least one hour before departure time.

　　Ⅵ. Writing (25 points)

　　Directions: For this part, you are supposed to write a letter in English in 100-120 words based

　　on the following situation. Remember to write it clearly.

　　61.你(Li Yuan)剛買了一塊表，但你不滿意，因?yàn)樗傆忻　懸环馔对V信，其內(nèi)容如下：

　　(1)買表的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn);

　　(2)出現(xiàn)的問題;

　　(3)要求退貨。

　　英語應(yīng)試模擬第2套參考答案與解析

　　Ⅰ.Phonetics

　　【答案】

　　1.D 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.D

　　【解析】

1.選項(xiàng)D畫線字母讀

2.選項(xiàng)C畫線字母讀

3.選項(xiàng)B畫線字母讀

4.選項(xiàng)A畫線字母讀

5.選項(xiàng)D畫線字母讀

　　Ⅱ.Vocabulary and Structure

　　【答案】

　　6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.C11.C 12.A 13.B 14.D 15.C 16.B 17.C

　　18.D 19.A 20.C

　　【解析】

　　6.Be anxious to do sth渴望做某事。選項(xiàng)C是正確的。【句子大意】紐約警察急切地想知道更多的有關(guān)這一罪行的信息。

　　7.副詞前置到句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，此時(shí)，該句的主謂應(yīng)倒裝。主謂倒裝時(shí)助動(dòng)詞移至主語前，排除選項(xiàng)B。原句的時(shí)態(tài)為過去時(shí)，應(yīng)選過去式的助動(dòng)詞。選項(xiàng)A是正確的。這種句型與Herecomes the bus是不同的。前者是強(qiáng)調(diào)行為，后者說明時(shí)問：車來了。表示車剛剛到。【句子大意】一下課孩子們就沖了出去。

　　8.定語從句的先行詞(pictures)是名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式(that代表pictures)。這里時(shí)問是從過去到現(xiàn)在，所以應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。選項(xiàng)D是正確的。【句子大意】這是這里展出的最漂亮的風(fēng)景照之一。

　　9.To the airport是比較固定的用法，airport前加定冠詞。選項(xiàng)B是正確的。【句子大意】你準(zhǔn)備好了我就送你去機(jī)場(chǎng)。

　　10.非限制性定語從句應(yīng)用which連接，因此選項(xiàng)C是正確的。【句子大意】晚上想喝點(diǎn)兒什么，請(qǐng)到我們夜總會(huì)來。我們一直營(yíng)業(yè)到凌晨4點(diǎn)。

　　11.Too用于肯定句，表示也。Either用于否定句，表示也。Neither用于肯定句，表示否定的意思。選項(xiàng)C是正確的。【句子大意】天氣并不冷，我覺得我們不需要這些外套。我也覺得不需要。

　　12.形容詞的排列順序一般為表示特征的形容詞在前，表示性質(zhì)的形容詞在后。選項(xiàng)A是正確的。【句子大意】要求房客將可回收的垃圾扔人大的綠色塑料袋子中。

　　13.Despite=in spite of盡管，even though即便，nonetheless然而。注意，despite后沒有of。選項(xiàng)B是正確的。【句子大意】盡管約翰在班上的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)最好，但他跟同學(xué)的關(guān)系不是很好。

　　14.從過去到現(xiàn)在一直發(fā)生的動(dòng)作并且強(qiáng)調(diào)的是結(jié)果，采用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。選項(xiàng)D是正確的。【句子大意】我們的廚房簡(jiǎn)直是一團(tuán)糟，我們已經(jīng)好幾個(gè)星期沒有打掃了。

　　15.祈使句的反問疑問句，疑問部分用will you。選項(xiàng)C是正確的。【句子大意】打開窗戶，好嗎?

　　16.上個(gè)星期發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。選項(xiàng)B是正確的。【句子大意】上個(gè)星期被綁架的政治家Joseph已經(jīng)被釋放了，未受傷害。

　　17.這句話要求補(bǔ)全定語從句，排除選項(xiàng)A和B。修飾語是物時(shí)應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)，選項(xiàng)C是正確的。【句子大意】數(shù)字是沒有物理存在的抽象概念。

　　18.Look up to仰望、尊敬，wake up to認(rèn)識(shí)到，stand up to忍耐、經(jīng)受，face up to勇敢地面對(duì)。選項(xiàng)D是正確的。【句子大意】你不可能永遠(yuǎn)地忽視這個(gè)情形，總有一天你不得不面對(duì)你自己造成的后果。

　　19.表示前一半或后一半要用序數(shù)詞，序數(shù)詞前加定冠詞。選項(xiàng)A是正確的。【句子大意】二月份的后半個(gè)月他們?nèi)甲≡谙愀鄣腗etropole大酒店的第九層。

　　20.比較級(jí)應(yīng)用much修飾，表示……得多。Success在這里是可數(shù)名詞，應(yīng)用不定冠詞a。選項(xiàng)C是正確的。【句子大意】根據(jù)職業(yè)調(diào)查，女性在申請(qǐng)中高級(jí)別的管理職位時(shí)，其成功率比男性高得多。

　　Ⅲ.Cloze

　　【答案】

　　21.B 22.A 23.A 24.D 25.C 26.D 27.C 28.B 29.B 30.C 31.B

　　32.D 33.B 34.A 35.D

　　【解析】

　　21.根據(jù)單詞auctioneers拍賣商給出的具體的錢數(shù)，可以知道這句話的大概意思：一幅梵·高的作品《向日葵》拍賣到多少錢。這里應(yīng)是售出。選項(xiàng)B是正確的。

　　22.這個(gè)空的后面提到以前付過的價(jià)錢，這里應(yīng)指這個(gè)價(jià)格是以前的多少倍。選項(xiàng)A是正確的。

　　23.前面已經(jīng)說了是拍賣，bidder可估計(jì)是投標(biāo)者，為了這幅畫競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不是肢體上的爭(zhēng)斗fight，也不是口頭上的爭(zhēng)論argue，當(dāng)然也不是喊叫shout了。選項(xiàng)A是正確的。

　　24.通過電話競(jìng)買這幅畫。By經(jīng)、由，如果用on，名詞前應(yīng)有定冠詞。選項(xiàng)D是正確的。

　　25.這里實(shí)際指價(jià)值多少，應(yīng)付多少。Must表示一定、必須，語氣很強(qiáng);might表示可能，could表示能夠，均與上下文語氣不符。選項(xiàng)C是正確的。

　　26.so，very，such都表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，但so后應(yīng)跟形容詞，this和very后應(yīng)跟名詞，但其與名詞間不能有冠詞。選項(xiàng)D是正確的。

　　27.當(dāng)用于對(duì)某人說某事或爭(zhēng)論時(shí)，say和speak后不能直接跟某人。選項(xiàng)C是正確的。

　　28.Who was表明所修飾的人是單數(shù)。選項(xiàng)B是正確的。

　　29.前面有more，表明是比較級(jí)：more...than。再根據(jù)上下文：花那么多錢買一幅畫并不是所有的人都贊同。選項(xiàng)B是正確的。

　　30.Do表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，修飾動(dòng)詞，被修飾的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用原型。根據(jù)后面所說，畫家的實(shí)際生活和他的畫的價(jià)值具有相當(dāng)大的反差。所以人們覺得不舒服，但不能說認(rèn)為不舒服。選項(xiàng)C是正確的。

　　31.表示二者之間用between。三者及以上用among。選項(xiàng)B是正確的。

　　32.這里應(yīng)指畫家自己個(gè)人的生活。選項(xiàng)D是正確的。

　　33.More...than的句型說明畫家傾向于前者而不是后者，空后有介詞in，可以斷定選項(xiàng)B是正確的。

　　34.前面列舉了幾個(gè)形容畫家悲慘生活的詞，最后的詞是自殺，這里應(yīng)是“最終”。Finally終于，last最后，at end結(jié)尾。選項(xiàng)A是正確的。